JSON Web Token vs ORY Kratos: What are the differences?

Introduction

JSON Web Token (JWT) and ORY Kratos are both authentication and authorization technologies widely used in web applications. While they serve similar purposes, there are some key differences between the two. In this article, we will explore and highlight the main differences between JSON Web Token and ORY Kratos.

1. Token Structure: JSON Web Token (JWT) is a compact and self-contained token that consists of three parts: a header, a payload, and a signature. The header contains metadata, the payload stores the actual claims or data, and the signature verifies the integrity of the token. On the other hand, ORY Kratos uses a different token structure, which is highly flexible and extensible. It allows the inclusion of arbitrary data and additional fields besides the standard claims.

2. Authentication Methods: While both JWT and ORY Kratos provide authentication capabilities, they differ in the authentication methods they support. JWT primarily relies on cryptographic mechanisms, such as signing with private keys, to authenticate tokens. ORY Kratos, on the other hand, offers a broader range of authentication options, including username/password-based authentication, multifactor authentication, and integration with third-party identity providers like OAuth and OpenID Connect.

3. Token Management and Revocation: JWT tokens are stateless, meaning the server does not store any information about issued tokens. As a result, JWT tokens cannot be effectively invalidated or revoked before their expiration. In contrast, ORY Kratos provides built-in token management and revocation mechanisms. Tokens issued by ORY Kratos can be revoked by the server, thus enhancing security and control over active sessions.

4. Flexibility and Extensibility: JSON Web Token (JWT) follows a well-defined structure, and the available claims are standardized. While this allows for interoperability and ease of implementation, it limits the flexibility and extensibility of the token format. ORY Kratos, however, offers more flexibility in terms of token customization. It allows developers to define custom claims, metadata, and additional fields based on their specific application requirements.

5. Single Sign-On (SSO) Support: One of the notable differences between JWT and ORY Kratos is the support for Single Sign-On (SSO). While JWT alone does not provide built-in SSO capabilities, it can be utilized as a part of SSO solutions in combination with other technologies. On the other hand, ORY Kratos natively supports Single Sign-On, allowing seamless authentication across multiple applications and services.

6. Developer Community and Ecosystem: Both JSON Web Token and ORY Kratos have active developer communities and a growing ecosystem of libraries, tools, and integration options. However, JWT being a standardized and widely adopted technology has a larger community and more extensive ecosystem. This can translate into better support, documentation, and resources for developers implementing JWT-based authentication and authorization solutions.

In Summary, JSON Web Token (JWT) and ORY Kratos differ in their token structure, authentication methods, token management, flexibility, SSO support, and developer community. While both technologies serve authentication and authorization purposes, ORY Kratos offers more extensive features and customization options, particularly suitable for complex authentication scenarios.